In what directions does thermal radiation from a fire typically travel?

Thermal radiation from a fire travels in all directions due to the nature of radiative heat transfer. Unlike conduction and convection, which are influenced by physical mediums (solid or fluid) and require matter to transfer heat, thermal radiation can propagate through a vacuum and is emitted by all objects with temperature above absolute zero.

In the case of a fire, the intense heat generates radiant energy that spreads uniformly from the source, moving outward in straight lines. This emitted radiation can affect nearby objects regardless of their position relative to the fire, making it possible for heat to reach surfaces that are not directly above or adjacent to the flames. This omnidirectional spread is crucial for understanding fire behavior and safety in firefighting operations, as it informs strategies for protection and extinguishment.